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Cannabinoid Potency

Cannabis plants contain many different cannabinoids which are active chemical compounds with various effects. The presence and ratio of these cannabinoids can vary widely from strain to strain and plant to plant as they can be influenced by factors like genetics, growing conditions, and processing methods.

A cannabis potency test is performed using an HPLC-DAD and includes these key cannabinoids:

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): This is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. It’s responsible for the “high” that users experience.
Cannabidiol (CBD): CBD is non-psychoactive and has potential therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and seizure-suppressing properties.
Cannabigerol (CBG): CBG is non-psychoactive and may have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective effects.
Cannabinol (CBN): CBN is mildly psychoactive and is known for its sedative effects. It’s typically found in aged cannabis, as it’s produced when THC degrades.
Cannabichromene (CBC): CBC is non-psychoactive and may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): THCV is similar to THC, but it may have different effects, including potential appetite-suppressing properties.
Cannabidivarin (CBDV): CBDV is non-psychoactive and is being studied for its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in relation to seizures.
Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC): This compound is similar to Delta-9-THC but with slightly different effects and less potency (more detail below).
THCA (Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid): The acidic form of THC present in the raw cannabis plant. It’s non-psychoactive but converts to THC when exposed to heat (a process called decarboxylation).
THCVa (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid): The acidic precursor to THCV found in the raw cannabis plant.
CBCA (Cannabichromenic acid): This is the acidic precursor to CBC. It forms when cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) breaks down.
CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid): The acid form of CBD, it’s found in the raw cannabis plant. Some studies suggest it might have anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea effects.
CBDVa (Cannabidivarinic acid): The acidic precursor to CBDV found in the raw cannabis plant.
CBGA (Cannabigerolic acid): The acid form of CBG and the “parent” molecule from which other cannabinoids are synthesized in the cannabis plant.

Synthetic Cannabinoids

HHCs

Hexahydrocannabinols (HHCs): These are synthetic cannabinoids derived from hemp cannabinoids like CBD and CBG. They’re created through a process called hydrogenation in which hydrogen molecules are added to the original cannabinoid. This changes the chemical structure of the molecule and its effects on the body. One form of HHC, known as Δ8-HHC, is a hydrogenated derivative of Δ8-THC. It is believed to have a longer shelf life and may be less potent than Δ8-THC, although it still has psychoactive effects.

HHC analysis includes: 9(R)-HHC, (9)R-HHCP, 9(S)-HHC, & 9(S)-HHCP.

THCP

Tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP): a naturally occurring cannabinoid that was first identified in 2019 during an analysis of a Cannabis sativa strain. THCP has a similar structure to Delta-9-THC, the main psychoactive component in cannabis, but with a longer chain of alkyl side groups. Most cannabinoids have a five-atom alkyl chain, but THCP has a seven-atom chain. Preliminary research suggests this structural difference might allow THCP to bind more strongly to the CB1 receptor in the brain, which could make it significantly more potent than THC.

THCP analysis includes: delta-9-THCP & delta-8-THCP

11-Hydroxy-THC

11-Hydroxy-THC is a metabolite of both Delta-8-THC and Delta-9-THC. This means when either Delta-8-THC or Delta-9-THC is ingested or inhaled, they undergo a metabolic transformation in the body, converting into 11-Hydroxy. This metabolite is known to have distinct effects that differ from its precursors. While 11-Hydroxy is naturally produced in the body, it has also been synthesized and added as an exotic cannabinoid to various products. Unlike its precursor cannabinoids, which are known for their fast-acting effects when smoked or vaporized, 11-Hydroxy is believed to have a slower onset and potentially longer-lasting effects, like with edibles.
11-Hydroxy-THC analysis includes both delta-8 and delta-9 variants.

Exo-THC

Exo-THC, also known as Delta-9,11-THC, is an isomer of delta-9-THC. Exo-THC is considered an impurity or a byproduct that can be formed during the synthesis of delta-9-THC or in post-extraction processes used to "clean up" cannabis extracts. While Exo-THC is considered an impurity or a byproduct, it shares a similar molecular structure with delta-9-THC, and this structural similarity allows it to interact with the endocannabinoid system in the human body.

H4CBD

H4CBD, also known as Hexahydrocannabidiol, is a synthesized cannabinoid created by hydrogenation of CBD. It has a higher affinity for CB1 neuroreceptors compared to conventional CBD, resulting in greater psychoactivity. While it shares similarities with CBD, H4CBD is not the same molecule and offers different effects.

delta-9-THCB

THCB is a relatively rare cannabinoid found in trace amounts in the cannabis plant. It was discovered in 2019 and shares chemical similarities with THC but has a shorter butyl side chain. THCB is believed to have a potency similar to that of regular delta-9 THC, making it psychoactive.

Minor Cannabinoids

CBCT

Cannabicitran (CBCT): natural degradation product of cannabichromene (CBC) resulting from exposure to light and heat. CBCT is structurally similar to CBC but differs in the position of a double bond in its chemical structure.

CBL

Cannabicyclol (CBL): formed by the degradation of cannabichromene (CBC) or cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) through exposure to light and heat.

CBE

Cannabielsoin (CBE): a degradation product of cannabidiol (CBD) when exposed to light and heat. CBE is structurally similar to CBD but differs in the position of a double bond in its chemical structure.

Delta-8-THC

Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC): is a naturally occurring compound found in small amounts in the cannabis plant. Most Delta-8-THC products available on the market are made by chemically altering CBD (cannabidiol), which is abundant in cannabis, especially hemp. In this process, CBD is exposed to a catalyst in a process called isomerization, which changes its molecular arrangement and transforms it into Delta-8-THC. Although Delta-8-THC is naturally occurring, the Delta-8-THC found in most products is typically the result of lab processes.

Delta-10-THC

Delta-10-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-10-THC): occurs in very small quantities in the cannabis plant. Like Delta-8-THC, most Delta-10-THC available commercially is derived from hemp-derived CBD or other cannabinoids through a chemical conversion process. So while it’s not technically “man-made” since it can occur naturally in the plant, the Delta-10-THC you’ll find on the market is largely the result of human processes in a laboratory. Analysis includes delta-10-THC and variations: (6aR,9R)-delta-10-THC and (6aR,9S)-delta-10-THC.

While standard potency tests cover most cannabinoids, synthetic or minor cannabinoids may not be included in the routine analysis. These cannabinoids, despite being present in smaller concentrations or produced synthetically, can still have significant effects.

Moisture Content

Moisture content analysis measures the amount of water present in a flower sample compared to its total weight. Testing for moisture is vital for a few reasons:

Safety: Proper moisture levels prevent mold growth, ensuring the product is safe for consumption.

Potency Accuracy: Moisture affects cannabis weight. Since potency is often given as a concentration (like % THC), the presence of moisture can dilute this concentration. By accounting for moisture content, labs can provide a more accurate measure of cannabinoid concentration.

Did you know?

Vapes and edibles are made using cannabis extracts, which undergo processing that removes most, if not all, of the moisture. Vapes and edibles don’t typically need to account for moisture because their production processes and consumption methods differ significantly from raw plant materials.

Water Activity

Water activity (Aw) measures the free water available for microbial growth in a substance. Water activity analysis is particularly important for assessing the stability and safety of processed and packaged cannabis, as it helps determine the risk of microbial spoilage or growth of pathogens.

The water activity is reported as a decimal number, ranging from 0 to 1. The lower the water activity, the drier the sample, while higher values indicate a more moisture-rich environment. If the reported water activity value exceeds the action limit specification, it may indicate a potential risk of microbial growth or product degradation.

Residual Solvents

Residual solvents are volatile chemical compounds that can be left behind in cannabis products after the extraction process. These solvents are typically used to dissolve cannabinoids and other desirable components from the plant material, making it easier to create various cannabis products. Common solvents used in cannabis extraction include butane, propane, and ethanol.

Why is Residual Solvent Testing Important?

The presence of residual solvents in cannabis products poses potential health risks to consumers. Inhaling or ingesting high levels of solvents can be harmful and may lead to adverse health effects. To ensure the safety of consumers, regulatory bodies set limits on the acceptable levels of specific solvents in cannabis products.

1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloroethane
2-Propanol (IPA)
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Benzene
Butane
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate

Ethyl ether
Ethylene oxide
Methanol
Methylene chloride
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Pentane
Propane
Toluene
Total xylenes
Trichloroethene

Microbiology

Microbiology testing for cannabis involves the analysis of samples to detect the presence or absence of various microorganisms that may pose a risk to consumer health. The parameters listed are specific microorganisms that are commonly tested in cannabis microbiology analysis:

1. Aspergillus Flavus: a fungus known for producing aflatoxins, which are toxic compounds that can be harmful if ingested.

2. Aspergillus Fumigatus: another species of fungus that can cause health issues, particularly for individuals with compromised immune systems.

3. Aspergillus Niger: a common environmental fungus. While it is generally harmless, its presence in high quantities may indicate poor product quality.

4. Aspergillus Terreus: another species of Aspergillus fungus. Like other Aspergillus species, it can produce mycotoxins under certain conditions.

5. E. coli specific gene: This parameter targets a specific gene associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. E. coli strains can cause foodborne illnesses and indicate possible fecal contamination.

6. E. coli/Shigella spp.: both E. coli and Shigella species are pathogenic bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Their presence suggests potential fecal contamination.

7. Salmonella specific gene: notorious for causing salmonellosis, a foodborne illness

8. Stx1 gene and Stx2 gene: these bacteria can produce toxins that cause severe illness, such as bloody diarrhea and kidney damage.

9. Total Yeast and Mold: while some strains are harmless, excessive levels can indicate poor storage conditions or product quality issues.

Microbiology testing is crucial for ensuring the safety of cannabis products. The presence of any of the listed microorganisms may indicate contamination or poor product handling. It’s important to adhere to regulatory guidelines and quality standards to mitigate health risks associated with these microorganisms. Always consult with local regulations for specific requirements and limitations related to microbiology testing for cannabis products.

Microbiology - Laboratory Testing Process

Microbiology laboratory testing for cannabis typically involves two primary methods: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and plating. Each method serves a specific purpose in detecting and identifying microorganisms in cannabis samples. PCR allows for the detection of specific genetic sequences, while plating provides a broader assessment of microbial presence and quantification. AccuScience Laboratories utilizes a combination of these methods to comprehensively evaluate the microbial profile of cannabis samples.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

PCR is a molecular biology technique used to amplify and detect specific DNA or RNA sequences of target microorganisms. It is a sensitive and specific method that allows for the identification of microbial DNA/RNA present in a sample.

Here’s an overview of the PCR process in microbiology testing

1. Sample Preparation: The cannabis sample is collected and processed to extract the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of the microorganisms present.

2. Targeted Gene Amplification: Specific primers designed to bind to the genetic sequences of the target microorganisms are added to the extracted DNA/RNA. The PCR machine then amplifies the targeted genetic material, creating multiple copies of the target sequence.

3. Detection: The amplified DNA/RNA is analyzed using various techniques such as gel electrophoresis or fluorescent probes. The presence or absence of the target genetic sequence indicates the presence or absence of the microorganism of interest.

Plating

Plating involves inoculating a sample onto growth media, typically agar plates, to encourage the growth of microorganisms.

Here’s an overview of the plating process in microbiology testing:

1. Sample Dilution: The cannabis sample is diluted to appropriate concentrations to ensure that individual microorganisms can grow and form colonies on the agar plates.

2. Inoculation: A measured volume of the diluted sample is spread or streaked onto the surface of selective agar plates that provide an environment conducive to the growth of specific microorganisms. Different agar media can be used to target different types of microorganisms.

3. Incubation: The agar plates are placed in an incubator at optimal temperature and humidity conditions for microbial growth. Incubation times can vary depending on the target microorganisms.

4. Colony Counting: After incubation, the resulting microbial colonies are counted and recorded. Different types of microorganisms display distinct colony characteristics, such as size, shape, color, or texture, which aid in identification. Plating is commonly used to determine the total viable microbial count, as well as to isolate and identify specific microorganisms such as yeasts, molds, or various bacterial species.

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals are metallic elements that have a high density and can be toxic to humans when consumed in excessive amounts. They can be naturally occurring or introduced into the cannabis plant through various sources such as soil, water, fertilizers, or other environmental factors.

Testing for heavy metals in cannabis is crucial for several reasons:

Consumer Safety: Heavy metals can pose serious health risks when consumed, even in small amounts. Long-term exposure to heavy metals may lead to various health problems such as organ damage, neurological disorders, and developmental issues. Testing helps ensure that cannabis products are safe for consumption.

Regulatory Compliance: Many jurisdictions have set limits on the acceptable levels of heavy metals in cannabis products. Testing helps ensure compliance with these regulations and prevents the distribution of contaminated products in the market.

Filth and Foreign Materials

Filth and Foreign Materials can include: mold, mildew, fungus, hair, insects, packaging contaminants, processing waste, or other similar cultivation and manufacturing by-products.

The presence of a foreign matter could indicate contamination during cultivation, processing, or storage stages and can potentially pose health risks to the consumer.

1. Visual Inspection: The first step in foreign matter analysis often involves a simple visual inspection. Trained personnel will look for visible signs of contamination such as mold, mildew, insects, or other materials that shouldn’t be in the sample.

2. Microscopic Examination: A sample of the product may be examined under a microscope.

The weight of the foreign matter is then compared to the total weight of the product to determine the percentage.

Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain fungi or molds. Here’s a brief overview of the mycotoxins tested:

Aflatoxin B1: One of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens, it has been linked to liver cancer in humans.
Aflatoxin B2: A less toxic relative of B1 but still concerning, especially when found alongside other aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin G1: Similar in structure to B1, it’s another carcinogenic toxin primarily affecting the liver.
Aflatoxin G2: A counterpart to G1, less potent but still harmful, especially in combination with other aflatoxins.
Ochratoxin A: Known for its nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and immunotoxic effects, this toxin primarily affects the kidneys but can also harm other organs.

Testing for these mycotoxins is essential for:

Consumer Health: The inhalation or ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to severe health issues. Regular cannabis users might unknowingly expose themselves to these toxins over time, increasing the risk of chronic health problems.
Product Quality: The presence of mycotoxins is an indicator of mold contamination, which can compromise the taste, aroma, and therapeutic properties of cannabis.
Regulatory Compliance: Many regions have established maximum allowable limits for mycotoxins in consumable products, including cannabis. Meeting these standards is crucial for legality and consumer trust.
Economic Impact: Contaminated cannabis products might have to be discarded or recalled, resulting in financial losses for growers and producers.

Pesticides

Pesticides have varied chemical properties, some are volatile and best analyzed with GC/MS while others are polar and require LC/MS/MS. Using both methods ensures comprehensive coverage and accurate identification of all potential pesticide residues in a sample, ensuring utmost safety and compliance with regulations.

Pesticide are harmful chemicals that may have been used during the cultivation. Ensuring products are free from toxic pesticide residues is vital for:

Consumer Safety: Pesticides can have adverse health effects if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin.
Regulatory Compliance: Many jurisdictions have strict limits on acceptable pesticide levels in consumable products, including cannabis.

LC/MS/MS

Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry:

Suitable for detecting pesticides that are polar and not volatile. Can analyze a wide range of compounds in a single run.

Used for detecting the majority of pesticides.

GC/MS

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry:

Ideal for analyzing volatile, thermally stable compounds.

Used exclusively for: Captan, Chlordane, Methyl Parathion, and Pentachloronitrobenzene.

Abamectin: A pesticide derived from a soil bacterium that is used to control various pests, particularly in agriculture.
Acephate: An insecticide used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture and on ornamental plants.
Acequinocyl: A pesticide used primarily to control spider mites and other pests on greenhouse crops.
Acetamiprid: An insecticide that targets various insect pests, commonly used in agriculture.
Aldicarb: A highly toxic pesticide used to control nematode worms and insects in crops.
Azoxystrobin: A fungicide used to protect plants from fungal diseases, including powdery mildew and rust.
Bifenazate: An acaricide used to control mites on various crops, including fruits and vegetables.
Bifenthrin: An insecticide and termiticide used for pest control in homes, gardens, and agriculture.
Boscalid: A fungicide used to prevent and control fungal diseases in crops like grapes and apples.
Carbaryl: A broad-spectrum insecticide used in agriculture, gardens, and for pest control on pets.
Carbofuran: An insecticide and nematicide used in agriculture to control a wide range of pests.
Chlorantraniliprole: An insecticide that targets chewing insects and is commonly used in agriculture.
Chlorfenapyr: An insecticide and acaricide used to control various pests, particularly in stored grains.
Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator used to control the height of certain crops, such as wheat and cotton.
Chlorpyrifos: An insecticide and acaricide used in agriculture, but its use is restricted due to health concerns.
Clofentezine: An acaricide used to control spider mites on various crops, including ornamental plants.
Coumaphos: An insecticide and acaricide used to control pests in livestock and beehives.
Cyfluthrin: An insecticide commonly used in agriculture, homes, and gardens to control a variety of pests.
Cypermethrin: A synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture, public health, and households.
Daminozide: A plant growth regulator used to control the growth of certain ornamental plants.
Diazinon: An insecticide and acaricide used in agriculture and for pest control in homes and gardens.
Dichlorvos: An insecticide and acaricide used to control pests in agriculture, stored products, and homes.
Dimethoate: An organophosphate insecticide used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture.
Dimethomorph: A fungicide used to protect plants from downy mildew and other fungal diseases.
Ethoprophos: A soil fumigant and nematicide used to control nematode pests in agriculture.
Etofenprox: An insecticide used to control a variety of pests in agriculture, homes, and gardens.
Etoxazole: An insecticide used to control mites on various crops, including fruits and vegetables.
Fenhexamid: A fungicide used to protect plants from fungal diseases like Botrytis in grapes and strawberries.
Fenoxycarb: An insect growth regulator used to control pests like caterpillars and aphids in agriculture.
Fenpyroximate: An acaricide and insecticide used to control mites and certain insects in agriculture.

Fipronil: An insecticide used for pest control in agriculture, public health, and against termites in homes.
Flonicamid: An insecticide that targets sucking insects like aphids and whiteflies in various crops.
Fludioxonil: A fungicide used to protect plants from fungal diseases such as Botrytis and Rhizoctonia.
Hexythiazox: An acaricide used to control spider mites on crops like cotton, strawberries, and vegetables.
Imazalil: A fungicide used to prevent and control fungal diseases in post-harvest storage of fruits and vegetables.
Imidacloprid: A neonicotinoid insecticide used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture and on ornamental plants.
Kresoxim Methyl: A fungicide used to protect crops from fungal diseases, including powdery mildew and rust.
Malathion: An insecticide and acaricide used in agriculture and for pest control in homes and gardens.
Metalaxyl: A fungicide used to control various fungal diseases in crops, particularly those caused by water molds.
Methiocarb: A molluscicide and insecticide used to control slugs, snails, and some insect pests.
Methomyl: An insecticide used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture.
Mevinphos: An organophosphate insecticide used to control pests in agriculture, but its use is restricted.
Myclobutanil: A fungicide used to protect plants from fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spots.
Naled: An insecticide used primarily for mosquito control and in agriculture to control various pests.
Oxamyl: An insecticide and nematicide used to control nematode pests in agriculture.
Paclobutrazol: A plant growth regulator used to control plant height and branching in various crops.
Permethrin: An insecticide and acaricide used for pest control in agriculture, public health, and homes.
Phosmet: An insecticide and acaricide used to control pests in agriculture and on animals.
Piperonyl Butoxide: A synergist often used in combination with other pesticides to enhance their effectiveness.
Prallethrin: An insecticide commonly used in mosquito coils, mats, and aerosol insecticides.
Propiconazole: A fungicide used to protect crops from fungal diseases like rust and leaf spots.
Propoxur: An insecticide used for pest control in agriculture, public health, and against household pests.
Pyrethrins: Natural insecticides derived from chrysanthemum flowers, used for controlling various pests.
Pyridaben: An acaricide and insecticide used to control mites and insects on crops.
Spinetoram J: An insecticide used to control a variety of pests in agriculture.
Spinetoram L: An insecticide used to control a variety of pests in agriculture.
Spinosyn A: An insecticide derived from soil bacteria, used in agriculture for pest control.
Spinosyn D: An insecticide derived from soil bacteria, used in agriculture for pest control.
Spiromesifen: An insecticide and acaricide used to control pests in agriculture.
Spirotetramat: An insecticide used to control sucking insects in crops like citrus and cotton.
Spiroxamine: A fungicide used to protect crops from fungal diseases, including powdery mildew.
Tebuconazole: A fungicide used to control fungal diseases in a wide range of crops.
Thiacloprid: An insecticide used to control various insect pests in agriculture and horticulture.
Thiamethoxam: A neonicotinoid insecticide used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture.
Trifloxystrobin: A fungicide used to protect plants from fungal diseases such as rust and leaf spots.
Captan: A fungicide used to control fungal diseases in a variety of crops.
Chlordane: An organochlorine insecticide and termiticide, now banned in many countries due to environmental concerns.
Methyl Parathion: An organophosphate insecticide used in agriculture, but its use is restricted due to safety concerns.
Pentachloronitrobenzene: A fungicide used to control fungal diseases in crops.

Terpenes

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in various plants, including cannabis. They’re responsible for the distinct fragrances of pine, lavender, citrus, and more. In cannabis, terpenes play an integral role not just in aroma, but also in flavor and potentially influencing the effects of various strains.

What You Should Know:

Diversity & Abundance: Over 100 different terpenes have been identified in cannabis. Each strain has a unique terpene profile, which contributes to its specific aroma, flavor, and effects.
Entourage Effect: Terpenes are believed to work in synergy with cannabinoids (like THC and CBD) in a phenomenon called the “entourage effect.” This means that while THC or CBD has its effects, the presence of specific terpenes might modify or enhance those effects, leading to a richer, more varied experience.
Therapeutic Potential: Research suggests that terpenes might have therapeutic properties of their own. For instance, linalool (also found in lavender) may have calming effects, while limonene (found in citrus fruits) might act as an uplifting agent.

Why Terpene Testing Matters:

Consumer Information: Terpene testing provides a detailed profile of a cannabis product. Knowing this can help consumers choose strains that align better with their desired experience, whether it’s relaxation, upliftment, or something in between.
Regulatory Compliance: As the cannabis industry grows, so does the demand for clear, standardized, and comprehensive testing. Terpene profiling is a part of ensuring products meet quality and safety standards.

A cannabis terpenes test typically includes these key terpenes:

alpha-Bisabolol: Often found in chamomile, it has a delicate floral aroma and is known for its anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing properties.
alpha-Cedrene: Found in cedar, it has a woody scent and may have calming effects.
alpha-Humulene: Common in hops and coriander, it has an earthy aroma and possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
alpha-Pinene: Found in pine trees and rosemary, it has a piney scent and can act as a bronchodilator.
alpha-Terpinene: Has a citrusy aroma and is found in cardamom and marjoram.
Borneol: Found in rosemary and mint, it has a camphor-like aroma and is known for its calming effects.
beta-Caryophyllene: Found in black pepper, cloves, and rosemary, it has a spicy aroma and can interact with the endocannabinoid system.
beta-Myrcene: Found in mangoes, hops, and thyme, it has a musky aroma and can produce relaxing effects.
beta-Pinene: Present in pine needles and rosemary, it has a fresh pine scent and may have anti-inflammatory benefits.
Camphene: Found in spruce and fir trees, it has a woody aroma and may possess antioxidant properties.
Camphor: Known for its distinct aromatic profile, it’s used in many medicinal ointments.
Caryophyllene Oxide: An oxidation product of beta-Caryophyllene, it has a minty aroma.
Cedrol: Found in cedarwood, it has a sweet, woody aroma and can have sedative effects.
Delta-3-carene: Found in rosemary, pine, and cedar, it has a sweet aroma and may help dry excess body fluids.
d-Limonene: Common in citrus peels, it has a citrusy aroma and may elevate mood and relieve stress.
Endo-fenchyl alcohol: Found in various essential oils, its properties and aroma are not as well-known as others.
Eucalyptol: Found in eucalyptus, it has a minty aroma and is known for promoting clear breathing.
Farnesene: Found in apples, it has a green apple aroma and may have calming and anti-inflammatory properties.

Fenchone: Found in fennel and basil, it has a woody, spicy aroma.
Geraniol: Present in roses and geraniums, it has a floral aroma and may possess neuroprotective and antioxidant properties.
Geranyl acetate: Found in lemongrass and geraniums, it has a fruity aroma.
Guaiol: Found in cypress pine, it has a piney aroma and may possess anti-inflammatory properties.
Hexahydrothymol: Not as commonly discussed, but it’s related to thyme oil.
Isoborneol: Found in certain trees, it has a woody aroma and possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
Isopulegol: Present in mint, lemongrass, and ginger, it has a minty aroma and may have relaxing effects.
Linalool: Found in lavender, it has a floral aroma and is known for its calming and relaxing effects.
Nerol: Present in neroli, ginger, and lemongrass, it has a sweet, floral aroma.
Nerolidol: Found in ginger, jasmine, and lemongrass, it has a woody aroma and may possess antifungal properties.
trans-Nerolidol: A isomer of nerolidol, it shares similar properties.
cis-Nerolidol: Another isomer of nerolidol.
Ocimene: Found in mint, parsley, and orchids, it has a sweet, herbal aroma.
p-Mentha-1,5-diene: Less commonly known, but related to menthol.
Pulegone: Found in rosemary and mint, it has a minty aroma and can be used for its calming properties.
Sabinene: Present in spruce, it has a spicy, citrusy aroma.
Sabinene hydrate: A hydrated form of sabinene with similar properties.
Terpineol: Found in lilacs, it has a floral aroma and is known for its calming properties.
Terpinolene: Present in lilacs and nutmeg, it has a piney, floral aroma and may have sedative effects.
gamma-Terpinene: Found in tea tree, it has a citrusy aroma.
Valencene: Found in Valencia oranges, it has a sweet, citrusy aroma and may repel pests.

Please note that the effects of individual terpenes can vary, and the above descriptions are based on the general consensus and available scientific studies.

You might notice this list of terpenes encompasses more than what’s typically associated with cannabis. While not every terpene listed is found in every cannabis strain, their inclusion in the analysis is deliberate.

Terpenes can be and are often artificially added to products like edibles, vapes, and other cannabis-derived products. They are often extracted and isolated from various botanical sources or can be synthesized in a lab. This thorough approach ensures that all terpenes are captured.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are a group of naturally occurring compounds found in various plants, including cannabis. These compounds contribute to the color, flavor, and a number of potential health benefits of the plant. Flavonoids in cannabis are believed to work in synergy with cannabinoids and terpenes, a phenomenon referred to as the “entourage effect”, potentially enhancing the therapeutic benefits of the plant.

But why might you see a comprehensive flavonoid analysis that includes compounds not typically associated with cannabis?

Diverse Presence: Different cannabis strains may have varying profiles of flavonoids. Comprehensive testing ensures that we capture the entire spectrum, even if some are present in only trace amounts.
Product Development & Enhancement: Flavonoids can be and are sometimes added to cannabis-derived products, much like terpenes. Whether for their potential therapeutic benefits, flavor, or color, understanding the full flavonoid profile provides insights into the product’s composition and effects.
Sign of Quality & Authenticity: A detailed flavonoid profile can also serve as a sign of a product’s quality and authenticity. If certain flavonoids are detected, it can indicate the use of high-quality strains or hint at potential adulteration.
Emerging Research: The world of cannabis research is rapidly evolving. As we uncover more about the potential benefits and roles of various flavonoids, comprehensive testing ensures we’re at the forefront of this knowledge.

In the wider cannabis industry, flavonoids can enhance the therapeutic effects of products, modify or complement their flavors and aromas, and even influence the color of certain products. By understanding both naturally occurring and added flavonoids, consumers can make more informed decisions about the products they choose, appreciating the complexity and potential benefits of these fascinating compounds.

Cannflavin A: A flavonoid found in Cannabis sativa, known for its anti-inflammatory properties distinct from THC.
Cannflavin B: Another flavonoid from Cannabis sativa. Works synergistically with Cannflavin A for anti-inflammatory effects.
(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): A major component of green tea catechins, it’s recognized for its antioxidant properties and potential benefits in heart and metabolic health.
Apigenin: Found in many fruits and vegetables, this flavonoid has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Apigenin 7-O-Glucuronide (hydrate): A metabolite of apigenin, also possessing health benefits related to its parent compound.
Baicalin: Derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese Skullcap), it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.
Chrysin: Found in honey and propolis, this flavonoid has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Fisetin: Present in strawberries and apples, fisetin is known for its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
Isovitexin: A flavonoid glycoside found in rice and bamboo shoots with antioxidant activity.
Kaempferol: Found in a variety of plants and plant-based foods, it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer effects.
Luteolin: Present in celery, broccoli, and green pepper, this flavonoid offers anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties.
Luteolin 7-O-Glucuronide: A metabolite of luteolin, retaining many of its beneficial effects.
Myricetin: Found in berries, fruits, vegetables, and herbs, it’s known for its antioxidant and potential anti-cancer properties.
Orientin: A flavone glycoside found in several plants, showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects.
Quercetin: Widely found in foods like apples and onions, quercetin is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihistamine effects.
Rutin: Found in various plants, especially buckwheat, it has antioxidant properties and can help strengthen blood vessels.
Silymarin: Extracted from milk thistle seeds, silymarin is known for its liver-protecting properties.
Vitexin: A flavone glycoside present in passion flower and hawthorn, with antioxidant and cardioprotective properties.
Wogonin: Derived from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese Skullcap), it’s recognized for its anti-inflammatory and potential anti-cancer activities.

Plant Viruses

Plant viruses are microscopic pathogens that infect plants, disrupting their growth, development, and yield. Unlike bacteria or fungi, viruses lack the cellular structures to live independently and rely on host cells to replicate and spread. In cannabis cultivation, plant viruses can lead to stunted growth, discolored leaves, reduced potency, and even total crop loss.

Why Test for Plant Viruses?

Regular testing for the mentioned plant viruses is a cornerstone of effective cannabis cultivation. With timely and consistent checks, cultivators can spot the presence of these malicious agents early, halting their spread and mitigating potential damage. Recognizing infections at an incipient stage equips growers with the advantage of isolating affected plants, bolstering sanitation measures, and averting widespread contamination. Proactive testing not only prevents potential crop losses but also ensures the preservation of cannabinoid concentrations, safeguarding the cultivator’s investment and the end product’s quality.

Plant Viruses tested and how they affect cannabis plants:

Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd): This is a small, circular RNA that can infect cannabis plants leading to reduced yield and quality. Symptoms can vary, but in some cases, infected plants might appear stunted or display leaf curling.
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV): While its primary host is alfalfa, it can also infect cannabis, leading to yellow streaks or mosaics on leaves. Transmission can occur via aphids or through infected seeds.
Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV): A nematode-transmitted virus, its infection in cannabis can lead to stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves.
Beet curly top virus (BCTV): Transmitted by the beet leafhopper, this virus causes curling of leaves and stunted growth in infected cannabis plants.
Cannabis cryptic virus (CCV): As its name suggests, this virus can be “cryptic”, meaning it might not always cause noticeable symptoms in the plant, making regular testing crucial.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV): A well-known plant virus, CMV can cause a variety of symptoms in cannabis, ranging from mosaic patterns on leaves to necrosis and stunted growth. Aphids commonly transmit it.
Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV): While primarily a concern for lettuce growers, LCV can infect cannabis, leading to yellowing or chlorosis of the leaves. It’s transmitted by whiteflies.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV): TMV can cause a mosaic pattern on leaves, necrosis, and overall stunted growth in cannabis. It can spread through contaminated tools, hands, or other infected plants.
Tobacco streak virus (TSV): This virus causes streaking on leaves, stunted growth, and necrosis. It’s transmitted through thrips and can severely affect cannabis yield and quality.

Fungi and Bacteria Speciation

Fungi and bacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms found in virtually all environments. In the context of cannabis cultivation, certain fungi (like molds) and bacteria can pose significant concerns:

Fungi: These include molds and yeasts. While some are harmless, certain molds can produce toxic compounds called mycotoxins, which can be harmful when inhaled or ingested. Molds on cannabis can lead to respiratory issues and other health problems, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Bacteria: These microscopic organisms can range from harmless to pathogenic. Harmful bacterial contaminants in cannabis, like E. coli or Salmonella, can cause illnesses when consumed, especially if the product is ingested without proper heating.

Testing for fungi and bacteria in cannabis is essential for several reasons:

Consumer Safety: Consumption of moldy cannabis or products contaminated with harmful bacteria can lead to health issues, ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to severe systemic infections.
Regulatory Compliance: Many jurisdictions mandate microbial testing for cannabis products to ensure they meet safety standards.
Product Quality: Mold and bacterial contamination can affect the taste, aroma, and overall quality of cannabis products.
Economic Considerations: Contaminated batches may need to be discarded, leading to financial losses.

In the realm of mold and bacteria speciation analysis, identifying specific strains or species can help growers understand the source of contamination, implement targeted interventions, and ensure a safer, higher-quality product for consumers.

Fungi Tested

Bacteria Tested

Alternaria spp.
Aspergillus Flavus
Aspergillus Fumigatus
Aspergillus Niger
Aspergillus Terreus
Botrytis spp.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans/tropicalis/dubliniensis
Can.glab/Sach & Kluv spp.
Candida auris
Cladosporium spp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium solani
Golovinomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum
Mucor spp.
Penicillium/Aspergillus spp.
Penicillum paxilli
Penicillum spp.
Saccharomyces spp.
Stachybotrys spp.
Tricoderma spp.
Total Yeast and Mold

Aeromonas hydrophilia & salmonicida
Bacillus Group 1
Bacillus Group 2
Bile tolerant gram negative bacteria
Campylobacter spp.
E. coli/shigella spp.
Listeria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas spp.
S. Aureus
Salmonella enterica/enterobacter spp.
Citrobacter farmeri
Clodtridium difficile
Legionella spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Streptomyces biofoliar
Xanthomonas spp.
Total Aerobic Microbial Count
Total Enterobacteriaceae

Kratom Alkaloids

Kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia, contains several alkaloids, each with distinct properties and effects on the body. Here’s a brief overview of some notable kratom alkaloids and why they are of interest for analytical laboratory testing:

Mitragynine: The most abundant alkaloid in kratom, it acts primarily as an agonist at the μ-opioid receptors, which contributes to its analgesic and sedative effects. Laboratory testing is essential to quantify its concentration, as it is closely linked to the potency and effects of kratom.
7-Hydroxymitragynine: A metabolite of mitragynine, it is far more potent and also acts on the μ-opioid receptors. Its higher potency and potential for stronger effects make it crucial to monitor in kratom products to ensure safety and consistency.
Speciociliatine: A weaker opioid agonist, this alkaloid is similar in structure to mitragynine. Understanding its concentration and interaction with other alkaloids can provide insights into the overall pharmacological profile of kratom.
Paynantheine: An alkaloid with muscle relaxant properties. It contributes to the overall effects of kratom, and understanding its levels can help in assessing the product’s safety and therapeutic potential.
Speciogynine: Works as a smooth muscle relaxer. This alkaloid contributes to the muscle-relaxing properties of kratom. Its concentration is important for understanding the full spectrum of kratom’s pharmacological effects.
Mitraphylline: found in kratom, although in lower concentrations compared to mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. It acts as a vasodilator and has anti-inflammatory properties. While it is not as well-studied as some other kratom alkaloids, it may contribute to the overall pharmacological effects of kratom.

From an analytical laboratory standpoint, testing these alkaloids is important for several reasons:

Safety and Potency: Quantifying the concentrations of these alkaloids, particularly mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, is crucial for determining the potency and safety of kratom products.
Regulation and Standardization: Accurate measurements of alkaloid content can aid in the regulation and standardization of kratom products, ensuring consumer safety.
Research and Understanding: Analyzing these compounds helps in understanding the pharmacological effects and potential therapeutic uses of kratom.
Quality Control: Regular testing ensures the consistency and quality of kratom products, which is important for both consumer confidence and regulatory compliance.

Mushroom Alkaloids

Muscarine: Muscarine is a toxic alkaloid found in some mushroom species, including Amanita muscaria. It acts as a non-selective agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to a range of symptoms such as sweating, salivation, and in high doses, potentially dangerous effects like hallucinations and convulsions.
Ibotenic Acid: Ibotenic acid is a precursor to muscimol and is also found in Amanita muscaria mushrooms. It is responsible for the initial excitatory effects before it is decarboxylated to muscimol. Ibotenic acid can cause symptoms like nausea and confusion.
Muscimol: Muscimol is the psychoactive compound that results from the decarboxylation of ibotenic acid. It has hallucinogenic properties and acts as a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors, leading to sedation, altered perception, and hallucinations when consumed.
Psilocin: Psilocin is one of the primary psychoactive compounds found in “magic mushrooms” (psilocybin mushrooms). It is structurally similar to serotonin and acts as a partial agonist at serotonin receptors. Consuming psilocin leads to profound alterations in perception, mood, and consciousness, often characterized by vivid hallucinations.
Psilocybin: Psilocybin is a prodrug that is metabolized into psilocin in the body. It is also found in magic mushrooms and is responsible for their hallucinogenic effects. Psilocybin is being studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of mood disorders and addiction.

Analytical laboratory testing of these alkaloids in mushrooms is crucial for various reasons:

Toxicity Assessment: Identifying the presence and concentration of toxic alkaloids like muscarine is essential to assess the safety of consuming certain mushroom species.
Quality Control: Ensuring the accuracy of psilocin and psilocybin content in magic mushrooms is important for standardizing doses and reducing the risk of adverse reactions.
Therapeutic Research: Analyzing these compounds supports research into the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin-containing mushrooms for mental health and addiction treatment.
Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Testing is necessary to ensure compliance with legal restrictions on the sale and possession of psychoactive mushrooms in many jurisdictions.

Understanding the composition and concentrations of these alkaloids in mushrooms helps both growers and consumers make informed decisions regarding their use and safety.